Monday, September 5, 2016

Bring Mountains Beyond Mountain to the first class

Some of you I'll see Tuesday, others on Wednesday.

If you have not already submitted your summer work on googledocs, please do so before class.

A few people have told me that they did theirs in hand writing.  If that's the case, bring it on the first day, and please make sure that it is in MLA format to get something approaching full credit.

On the first day, I'm switching this class's online presence to googleclassroom.

The code to get into the class is


z2nc9h8

Friday, September 2, 2016

sample Mountains Beyond Mountains response log

Things to note: MLA format, quote integration, advanced vocab integration highlighted in italics and followed by a quick appositive phrase defining the word, mix of summary but mostly commentary and analysis, meaningful variation in sentence structure
Thank you to Kelsey for allowing me to post this submission!
Howell

 
Kelsey Fiske
Mr. Howell
English AP 11
August 15, 2016
Mountains Beyond Mountains: Log One
    As someone who is likely to pursue a career in some medical field, I was drawn to the level of dedication and devotion of Dr. Paul Farmer as portrayed in “Mountains Beyond Mountains” by Tracy Kidder.  Dr. Farmer is presented as an ambitious and kind man who wanted to care for every ill, injured, or unhealthy person he encountered while working in the poorest areas on the struggling island nation of Haiti. Dr. Farmer is never dubious, or hesitating, but rather is shown to be a rather impressive man who is willing to sacrifice his time, money, relationships, and even his sleep to achieve his objectives.
“There’s a lot to be said for sacrifice, remorse, even pity. It’s what separates us from the roaches” (Kidder 40).   
As I was reading the descriptions of how destitute, or extremely poor, the people of central Haiti were whom Dr Farmer was treating, I began to wonder if I could ever imagine myself eagerly working in “one of the poorest parts of the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere” (Kidder 20).  I found the sharp contrast between the conditions at Lamni Lasante in Haiti with those at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston to be oddly similar to the differences in personality sometimes apparent in Dr. Farmer.  He is both, a man who demonstrates such kindness and concern as to be referred to as a “saint” by the villagers in Haiti, and a driven individual who can resort to haranguing, or aggressively lecturing at length, those who oppose him.  “People call me a saint, and I think, I have to work harder” (Kidder 16).  Another contrast I noticed within Dr Farmer is his belief in both the medicine and religion and his ambivalence, or contradictory feelings, about the value of each.   
Throughout the first part of the book, it became obvious to me that Haiti is not a sojourn, or temporary stay for Dr. Farmer, but his life’s work.  Dr. Farmer makes this clear to the author in stating “To see my oeuvre, you have to come to Haiti” (Kidder 17).  In considering the number of patients, challenges, and obstacles Dr. Farmer contends with on a daily basis, I came to realize the appropriateness of the book’s title “Mountains Beyond Mountains”.  Just like mountains have bumps and ridges to overcome so does Dr.Farmer's work. When he encounters a bump in his research and treatment he climbs over it. When he reaches a ridge he glides over it.  Dr. Farmer will not leave until he has done his part and cured and helped as many people as he possibly can. I find it admirable that Dr. Farmer not only anticipates the mountain in front of him but also the ones beyond it as well.  

Wednesday, August 31, 2016

Keep up the good work or . . .

Just so you know

Some of your peers have been getting their work in early by sending it to me via googledocs.  Yes, it's not due until 9/6 for C period or 9/7 for H period, but early birds catch more than just worms.

I greatly appreciate that extra effort!

Also, some of your peers have been going above and beyond the work requirements, sending me well-reasoned analysis that spans onto the second or third page.  I reward that effort, too.  You should know that the loads of essays we do in class are graded on the AP College Board rubric, which is quite challenging.  In other words, for those who are motivated by grades, you may be disappointed.  However, I ameliorate that effect by awarding extra points here and there for people who put in extra effort and thought in the smaller day-to-day assignments.

In sum,
work hard
get me work early
do extra, unique and insightful work on small assignments and get credit.

send all questions and work to

howellj@dy-regional.k12.ma.us

Friday, August 26, 2016

"Today's Anne Frank is a Syrian Girl" by Nick Kristoff 8/25/16

AMSTERDAM — On April 30, 1941, a Jewish man here in Amsterdam wrote a desperate letter to an American friend, pleading for help emigrating to the United States.
“U.S.A. is the only country we could go to,” he wrote. “It is for the sake of the children mainly.”
A volunteer found that plea for help in 2005 when she was sorting old World War II refugee files in New York City. It looked like countless other files, until she saw the children’s names.
“Oh my God,” she said, “this is the Anne Frank file.” Along with the letter were many others by Otto Frank, frantically seeking help to flee Nazi persecution and obtain a visa to America, Britain or Cuba — but getting nowhere because of global indifference to Jewish refugees.
We all know that the Frank children were murdered by the Nazis, but what is less known is the way Anne’s fate was sealed by a callous fear of refugees, among the world’s most desperate people.
Sound familiar?
President Obama vowed to admit 10,000 Syrian refugees — a tiny number, just one-fifth of 1 percent of the total — and Hillary Clinton suggested taking more. Donald Trump has repeatedly excoriated them for a willingness to welcome Syrians and has called for barring Muslims. Fears of terrorism have left Muslim refugees toxic in the West, and almost no one wants them any more than anyone wanted a German-Dutch teenager named Anne.
“No one takes their family into hiding in the heart of an occupied city unless they are out of options,” notes Mattie J. Bekink, a consultant at the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam. “No one takes their child on a flimsy boat to cross the Mediterranean unless they are desperate.”
The son of a World War II refugee myself, I’ve been researching the anti-refugee hysteria of the 1930s and ’40s. As Bekink suggests, the parallels to today are striking.
For the Frank family, a new life in America seemed feasible. Anne had studied English shorthand, and her father spoke English, had lived on West 71st Street in Manhattan, and had been a longtime friend of Nathan Straus Jr., an official in the Franklin Roosevelt administration.
The obstacle was an American wariness toward refugees that outweighed sympathy. After the 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom against Jews, a poll found that 94 percent of Americans disapproved of Nazi treatment of Jews, but 72 percent still objected to admitting large numbers of Jews.
The reasons for the opposition then were the same as they are for rejecting Syrians or Hondurans today: We can’t afford it, we should look after Americans first, we can’t accept everybody, they’ll take American jobs, they’re dangerous and different.
“The United States, if it continues to be the world’s asylum and poorhouse, would soon wreck its present economic life,” the New York Chamber of Commerce warned in 1934.
Some readers are objecting: But Jews weren’t a threat the way Syrian refugees are! In the 1930s and ’40s, though, a world war was underway and Jews were widely seen as potential Communists or even Nazis. There were widespread fears that Germany would infiltrate the U.S. with spies and saboteurs under the cover that they were Jewish refugees.
“When the safety of the country is imperiled, it seems fully justifiable to resolve any possible doubts in favor of the country, rather than in favor of the aliens,” the State Department instructed in 1941. The New York Times in 1938 quoted the granddaughter of President Ulysses S. Grant warning about “so-called Jewish refugees” and hinting that they were Communists “coming to this country to join the ranks of those who hate our institutions and want to overthrow them.”
News organizations didn’t do enough to humanize refugees and instead, tragically, helped spread xenophobia. The Times published a front-page article about the risks of Jews becoming Nazi spies, and The Washington Post published an editorial thanking the State Department for keeping out Nazis posing as refugees.
In this political environment, officials and politicians lost all humanity.
“Let Europe take care of its own,” argued Senator Robert Reynolds, a North Carolina Democrat who also denounced Jews. Representative Stephen Pace, a Georgia Democrat, went a step further, introducing legislation calling for the deportation of “every alien in the United States.”
A State Department official, Breckinridge Long, systematically tightened rules on Jewish refugees. In this climate, Otto Frank was unable to get visas for his family members, who were victims in part of American paranoia, demagogy and indifference.
History rhymes. As I’ve periodically argued, President Obama’s reluctance to do more to try to end the slaughter in Syria casts a shadow on his legacy, and there’s simply no excuse for the world’s collective failure to ensure that Syrian refugee children in neighboring countries at least get schooling.
Today, to our shame, Anne Frank is a Syrian girl.

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Sunday, August 21, 2016

reprint of the summer assignment

Summer 2016 assignments

AP  English
Language and Composition
Mr. Howell
howellj@dy-regional.k12.ma.us

Welcome to the Infinite Text

    The purpose of the summer work for AP English 11 is for you to embrace the paradigm that everything is a text, and you will read that text all the time.
Newspapers, magazines, blogs, on-line aggregators, tv news, cable news, local news, social media--all media, events, technology--everything can be read and you can do that reading with a depth of insight comparable to the top thinkers in the world.
    AP English: Language and Composition is the class where you learn how to do that reading and a whole lot of writing with more sophistication than anyone else.
    The three focal points of study for the class are argumentation, and rhetorical and stylistic analysis.  The methods and practices you need to take on to make this sort of reading your own are embedded in all the activities of the class, including the summer reading during which you will have two major tasks:
1.    Habitually read on the same level as intellectuals
2.    Read and analyze a serious work of nonfiction:
        Mountains Beyond Mountains by Tracy Kidder

    The purpose of reading this work of nonfiction is to challenge you to think about the world beyond Cape Cod.  It is the story of Paul Farmer, who grew up living in a house boat stuck in a trailer park, but despite his modest beginnings, he ended up became one of the most important doctors in the world, helping people in Haiti, Rwanda, Russia, Peru and Boston.
After getting a copy at your local library or book seller of choice, read it and write four (4) reader response logs along the lines of the ones you wrote for your freshmen and sophomore teacher.  Mountains Beyond Mountains will be the subject of a timed essay test during the first week of school in September.  Each log will be about 2 pages long and will include questions, evidence, insight, personal connections, and words (with their definitions) that Forrest Gump would find challenging.  5 words, terms, or concepts per entry should be sufficient.

The logs will be handed in on the first day of class (either 9/6 or 9/7), and graded on volume of ideas and depth of insight.  The essay will be graded along the guidelines of the AP Language and Composition rubric.

All together, our assignments include 4 logs for the book and 4 responses to the essays or articles I post on the class blog, for a total of 8 responses.

Returning to item 1, I will post articles or essays on the class blog on a weekly basis.  Read two a month and write a 1 page of analysis for two articles a month.  These writings will also be collected on the first day of class.
The class blog address is 

My email address is howellj@dy-regional.k12.ma.us

Submitting early via googledocs to my email address is the best and easiest way to get your work assessed immediately at the beginning of the year.

Identify the Main Elements of the Argument in the editorial "Permanent Supportive Housing: A Plan for the Homeless"--CCTimes 8/26

If you choose to write about this editorial from the Cape Cod Times August 20th, 2016 edition, I'd like you to identify in complete sentences five major points in the essay, including the thesis, supporting evidence, concession/refutation and conclusion.

After your identification work, list and define 5 challenging words or key phrases (e.g. consensus, "permanent supportive housing"). 

Permanent supportive housing: A plan for the homeless

The homeless issue in downtown Hyannis is a wrenching challenge, one that needs to be addressed but with solutions that are caring, competent, and meet the needs of all segments of the community.

On June 12, the Cape Cod Times published a thoughtful editorial "Clear Conscience," regarding what the community can do to resolve the issues of homelessness. The editorial correctly points out that "there are a limited number of resources for the homeless on Cape Cod, and most of these are located, for better or worse, in Hyannis." We agree.

We have listened to business people, social service providers, politicians, and our neighbors, all seeking a long-term solution – relieving downtown Hyannis of homelessness. We have observed the frustration (and anger) vented at the Housing Assistance Corp., owners of the NOAH Shelter, the town's only homeless shelter, for continuing to house homeless persons in need of emergency shelter. We have monitored the town's Transitional Living Center Steering Committee in the search for consensus, support, and locations. We have watched our public safety personnel use a variety of resources and tactics to assist.

We know from our investigation of the homeless issue that communities attempt to manage solutions by first providing emergency shelters, and when this no longer appears effective, move to transitional living centers. But transition to what? Is the transitional living center another way to "kick the can down the road?" The Times editorial notes "that a certain percentage of homeless individuals include people who suffer from mental illnesses, drug addiction, or a combination of the two." Will the transitional living center resolve the issue of homelessness? We believe it will not.

We believe that the community can more effectively address the housing and rehabilitation needs of the chronically homeless in Barnstable by proposing a permanent supportive housing facility as a long-term and better alternative to emergency shelters and transitional living centers. Indeed, the federal government's HEARTH Act, passed in 2009, amended and reauthorized the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, and placed a greater emphasis on permanent supportive housing and rapid re-housing as permanent housing solutions to homelessness. The shift away from transitional housing as a response to homelessness began in 2013 and continues into 2016 and beyond.

Thus, we are proposing a two-phase approach, which first provides temporary relief to our downtown Hyannis business and residential community, and secondly provides a permanent supportive housing facility in our community, where all social service organizations can coordinate and provide, in one location, the support and health services the chronically homeless population so sorely needs.

Our plan and approach is simple and achievable. We are actively discussing with state officials the potential of using Joint Base Cape Cod for a temporary one- to two-year supportive housing facility while we, as a community, come together to achieve consensus, financial support, and a location with all stakeholders to construct and manage a permanent supportive housing facility in the town. Our proposal seeks to develop a solution for up to 50 chronically homeless persons and veterans.

Why permanent supportive housing? Our investigation indicates that people experiencing chronic homelessness, who are directed to permanent supportive housing, save taxpayers' money, and that permanent supportive housing is more effective and less costly than emergency shelters and transitional housing solutions. We do not want to "erase the reality or humanity of these individuals," as noted in the Times editorial, and we believe that with the community, commonwealth, and stakeholders working together we can achieve a longer-term and workable solution. We invite and look forward to the community's participation.

Will Crocker is a Barnstable town councilor and GOP candidate for state representative in the 2nd Barnstable District. Anthony Schiavi is former executive director of Joint Base Cape Cod, and a GOP candidate for the Cape and Islands State Senate District.

Monday, August 15, 2016

To Get to Harvard, Go To Haiti by Frank Bruni, NYT 8/15/16

This summer, as last, Dylan Hernandez, 17, noticed a theme on the social media accounts of fellow students at his private Catholic high school in Flint, Mich.
“An awfully large percentage of my friends — skewing towards the affluent — are taking ‘mission trips’ to Central America and Africa,” he wrote to me in a recent email. He knows this from pictures they post on Snapchat and Instagram, typically showing one of them “with some poor brown child aged 2 to 6 on their knee,” he explained. The captions tend to say something along the lines of, “This cutie made it so hard to leave.”
But leave they do, after as little as a week of helping to repair some village’s crumbling school or library, to return to their comfortable homes and quite possibly write a college-application essay about how transformed they are.
“It rubs me the wrong way,” Hernandez told me, explaining that while many of his friends are well intentioned, some seem not to notice poverty until an exotic trip comes with it. He himself has done extensive, sustained volunteer work at the Flint Y.M.C.A., where, he said, the children he tutors and plays with would love it “if these same peers came around and merely talked to them.”
“No passport or customs line required,” he added.
Hernandez reached out to me because he was familiar with writing I had done about the college admissions process. What he described is something that has long bothered me and other critics of that process: the persistent vogue among secondary-school students for so-called service that’s sometimes about little more than a faraway adventure and a few lines or paragraphs on their applications to selective colleges.
It turns developing-world hardship into a prose-ready opportunity for growth, empathy into an extracurricular activity.
And it reflects a broader gaming of the admissions process that concerns me just as much, because of its potential to create strange habits and values in the students who go through it, telling them that success is a matter of superficial packaging and checking off the right boxes at the right time. That’s true only in some cases, and hardly the recipe for a life well lived.
In the case of drive-by charity work, the checked box can actually be counterproductive, because application readers see right through it.
“The running joke in admissions is the mission trip to Costa Rica to save the rain forest,” Ángel Pérez, who is in charge of admissions at Trinity College in Hartford, told me.
Jennifer Delahunty, a longtime admissions official at Kenyon College, said that mission-trip application essays are their own bloated genre.
“Often they come to the same conclusion: People in other parts of the world who have no money are happier than we are!” she told me. “That is eye-opening to some students. But it can be a dangerous thing to write about, because it’s hard to rescue the truth from that cliché.”
Many of the students taking mission trips or doing other charity work outside the country have heartfelt motivations, make a real (if fleeting) contribution and are genuinely enlightened by it. Pérez and Delahunty don’t doubt that. Neither do I.
But there’s cynicism in the mix.
A college admissions counselor once told me about a rich European client of his who called him in a panic, wanting to cancel her family’s usual August vacation so that her son could go build roads in the developing world. She’d just read or heard somewhere that colleges would be impressed by that.
He asked her if she had a roadway or country in mind. She didn’t.
Richard Weissbourd, a child psychologist and Harvard lecturer who has studied the admissions process in the interest of reforming it, recalled speaking with wealthy parents who had bought an orphanage in Botswana so their children could have a project to write and talk about. He later became aware of other parents who had bought an AIDS clinic in a similarly poor country for the same reason.
“It becomes contagious,” he said.
A more recent phenomenon is teenagers trying to demonstrate their leadership skills in addition to their compassion by starting their own fledgling nonprofit groups rather than contributing to ones that already exist — and that might be more practiced and efficient at what they do.
“It’s a sort of variation on going on a mission trip and figuring out that people all over the world are really the same,” said Stephen Farmer, who’s in charge of undergraduate admissions at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
“I don’t mean to make light of it,” he added, acknowledging that many such trips and nonprofits have benefits, and not just for the college-bound students engaged in them.
But they’re largely reserved for students whose parents are affluent enough to assist the endeavors. And they’re often approached casually and forgotten quickly. “My concern is that students feel compelled to do these things — forced — rather than feeling that they’re answering some inner call,” Farmer said.
In many cases they are compelled. Tara Dowling, the director of college counseling at the Rocky Hill School in East Greenwich, R.I., said that many secondary schools (including, as it happens, Dylan Hernandez’s) now require a minimum number of hours of service from students, whose schedules — jammed with sports, arts, SAT prep and more — leave little time for it.
Getting it done in one big Central American swoop becomes irresistible, and if that dilutes the intended meaning of the activity, who’s to blame: the students or the adults who set it up this way? Dowling noted that without the right kinds of conversations and guidance, “Kids don’t know how to connect these experiences to the rest of their lives, to the bigger picture.”
There are excellent mission trips, which some students do through churches that they already belong to, and less excellent ones. There are also plenty of other summer projects and jobs that can help students develop a deeper, humbler understanding of the world.
Pérez told me that his favorite among recent essays by Trinity applicants came from someone “who spent the summer working at a coffee shop. He wrote about not realizing until he did this how invisible people in the service industry are. He wrote about how people looked right through him at the counter.”
Helicopter parents, stand down! Pérez’s assessment doesn’t mean that you should hustle your teenagers to the nearest Starbucks. It means that whatever they do, they should be able to engage in it fully and reflect on it meaningfully. And if that’s service work, why not address all the need in your own backyard?
Many college-bound teenagers do, but not nearly enough, as Hernandez can attest. He feels awfully lonely at the Flint Y.M.C.A. and, in the context of that, wonders, “Why is it fashionable to spend $1,000-plus, 20 hours traveling, and 120 hours volunteering in Guatemala for a week?”
He wonders something else, too. “Aren’t the children there sad, getting abandoned by a fresh crop of affluent American teens every few days?”
I invite you to follow me on Twitter (@FrankBruni) and join me on Facebook.
Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook and Twitter (@NYTopinion), and sign up for the Opinion Today newsletter. 

Sunday, August 14, 2016

"How Helicopter Parents Cause Binge Drinking"

http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/09/how-helicopter-parents-cause-binge-drinking/492722/

Kaitlin Flanagan, author of "How Helicopter  Parents Cause Binge Drinking", write social commentary for the Atlantic Monthly.

Analyze her work, and evaluate it from your own perspective.

Monday, August 8, 2016

Identify the main elements of the argument-- "What Zika Means" CCT 8/7/16

If you choose to write about this editorial from the Cape Cod Times August 7th 2016 edition, I'd like you to identify in complete sentences five major points in the essay, including the thesis, supporting evidence, concession/refutation and conclusion.

After your identification work, list and define 5 challenging words (e.g. harbinger, asymptomatic). 

What Zika means


As Congress continues to debate the merits of prevention criteria and costs, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported this past week that there are now 14 confirmed cases of U.S.-based Zika infections in Florida, with the likelihood that many more will follow.

Although any outbreak in this country will likely be far smaller in scope than anything experienced in either Puerto Rico or Brazil, the fact that the House continued to fiddle while the virus walked over our threshold provides an alarming harbinger of what could happen when the next virus arrives.

Zika is a virus carried by mosquitoes and is transmitted through a bite by an infected insect or through sex with an infected person. Although most people who contract it remain asymptomatic, some of those who are infected can develop joint pain, a rash, fever, headaches, and other symptoms. Although scientists are still exploring the myriad results of infection, the primary concern is that a pregnant woman infected with the virus can pass it along to her unborn child, potentially causing a range of severe brain defects, including microcephaly. In this case, the child is born with severe brain damage.

Earlier this past week, the CDC issued a warning for parts of Miami, cautioning would-be travelers that if they are pregnant or are expecting to become pregnant, they may want to avoid spending time in this particular region of southern Florida.

Some may note that there are only 14 people who have so far been reported as infected, and of these none has reported any symptoms. Those same people may note that this is a statistically small number when compared with the approximately 1,650 U.S. residents who have already been infected during travel outside the United States, or after having sex with someone who was already infected.

Both of these facts are true, as is the reality that CDC officials have said that the likelihood of a Zika epidemic, such as those currently afflicting both Brazil and Puerto Rico, are highly unlikely, given that the United States generally features better sanitation and mosquito control, as well as more screened houses, than either of those two countries.

But the larger and more important truth is that Zika's arrival is anything but a surprise. In fact, health officials have been predicting for some time that it would make landfall in the United States this summer, with all signs pointing to outbreaks in Florida, Texas or both. Despite this, Florida is only now racing to deal with the problem, earmarking $25 million for prevention efforts, with the CDC kicking in another $10 million.

Meanwhile, a bill calling for $1.1 billion in federal funds remains mired in the swamp of congressional ineptitude. Senate Democrats blocked the legislation after Republicans attached a number of unrelated and politically objectionable amendments to the measure. As a result, at the end of last month, Washington politicians packed their bags for a seven-week summer vacation without having acted on the measure, meaning that any significant federal funding will have to wait until long after the prime mosquito breeding month of August has come and gone.

Such political wrangling while the nation sits on the verge of a potential health crisis is inexcusable. The CDC has estimated that the personal and financial cost of any Zika outbreak, even a small one, could be astronomical; a child born with microcephaly could experience a short life, suffering from extreme brain damage. A child with this condition could generate between $1 million and $10 million in medical bills during the course of his or her life.

Even more frightening is the idea that if another, potentially more virulent virus were to threaten the United States, the interminably slow wheels of politics may turn with such lethargy that thousands or perhaps even millions could be suffering before Congress took action.

In a time when formerly obscure and localized diseases can now move with the speed of international travel, it is crucial that the CDC be provided with the funding and latitude to make health-related decisions without waiting for Congress to decide on the most politically palatable course of action. After all, good sanitation and screens might not be enough next time.

Saturday, July 30, 2016

"Mute and Alone, He was Never Short of Kind Words" NYTimes 7/30 Samaritan story 2

The man who lost his voice was a gentle man who didn’t ask terribly much of life. He lived in a miniature space in a single-room-occupancy residence on the corner of 74th Street and Third Avenue in Manhattan, above J. G. Melon, the popular restaurant and bar known for succulent hamburgers. And he was a New York story.
He was a New York story because he didn’t have a lot and yet he gave a lot. And in return he got what New York for all its busyness so often offers those who could use a good dose of it — kindness. The city can be cold and aloof and you can live crunched amid its population and remain lonely and overlooked. You can also be someone unremarkable and be made to feel like Mr. Big Shot.
The name of the man who lost his voice was Bernhardt Wichmann III. Sounds like an old-money name for sure, but any money ever attached to it was no longer visible.
His story revolves around a pair of doormen. In 1994, Jorge Grisales became a night doorman at the Mayfair, an apartment building at 207 East 74th Street. His shift began at midnight, when the city slows down but keeps breathing.
When you are a doorman, you notice things. You especially notice recurring people.
Mr. Grisales became aware of a man who almost nightly ambled past the building. He had a glistening face with a trimmed beard and he sported a big smile. Six-foot-something. As he walked, he would bend down and dutifully scoop up litter, tidying up the neighborhood.
One sweaty summer evening, the smiling man waved at the doorman and paused. Mr. Grisales said, “How are you?” The man clutched scraps of paper. He wrote something down and handed it over. It said: “Hi, my name is Bernhardt but call me Ben. I can’t talk, but I can hear.”
Something instantly clicked between them. There was a delicious spirit about Ben. Two years later, Juan Arias joined the door staff, and Mr. Grisales introduced him to Ben. They, too, clicked. They talked. He wrote. On his notes, he always drew a smiley face.
Over time, the two doormen learned some blurred snippets about Ben Wichmann. That his parents came from Germany to Davenport, Iowa. That he was born in 1932. That he had served in the United States Army and was in the Korean War. That he came to New York and became an architectural draftsman. That, among other things, he worked on closets as well as decks and porches for houses in the Hamptons. That he loved opera and classical music. That he was gay. That he had a sister. That his parents and sister were dead and he had no family.
And that in 1983 he had polyps removed from his larynx, and that he had not been able to speak since. He wasn’t entirely sure why.
They discovered that since 1991, Ben had lived in that tiny third-floor room down the block that cost $10 a day. He had few possessions and eked by on Social Security. In a city where so many have so much, he had practically nothing. Yet it was enough, always enough. And inside him beat a heart bigger than a mountain.
He seemed unrelievedly happy. That happiness bounced off him and settled on others.
People up and down the block came to know Ben. He always petted people’s dogs. Admired the flowers. His cheery presence made East 74th Street brighter than it would have been without him.
“He charmed people,” Mr. Grisales said. “He always smiled. He never complained. He was just wonderful.”
Mr. Arias said: “He had plenty of reasons to be unhappy. But I never saw him unhappy.”
Now and then, he would stop in at J. G. Melon, plant himself at the bar and have a glass of wine and maybe a salad and converse through his written expressions with customers and the staff.
He would bring the doormen coffee and a Spanish newspaper. And they would fall into meandering exchanges — spoken words from the doormen, scribbling from Ben. Oh how they relished one another’s company.
Mr. Grisales was shaky with his English. That was why he worked the midnight shift. Ben tutored him. If Mr. Grisales mispronounced a word, he would write out how to say it, which syllables to emphasize, what words it rhymed with.
Mr. Grisales polished his English and graduated to an earlier shift.
The doormen gave Ben gifts — shirts or shoes, things he needed. So did others on the block. Joan Gralla, a reporter at Newsday who lives near the Mayfair, gave him sweaters, hats, a yellow rain slicker. For years, she got him a ticket to the Metropolitan Opera. He would dress up in his best clothes and have the time of his life. She would tell him the ticket was from her dog, Clementine.
Once, when the seat was exceptional, he wrote that Clementine must have some pull.
“Ben was just magical in bringing out the best in people,” Ms. Gralla said.
Ben had many medical issues. He came to rely on the doormen to make — or cancel — doctor appointments. If something was urgent, he would write out the note to them in red ink.
Every Thanksgiving, Mr. Grisales had Ben come to his home in Queens for dinner. His wife and two children adored Ben. His family made him family.
Then the strangest thing happened. Last August, Ben was having hallucinations and went to the Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System in Manhattan. An M.R.I. scan found nothing. When he got up from the M.R.I. machine, he mouthed the words “thank you” to the technician. Except he heard his voice saying, “Thank you.”
He could talk again!
One of the first things Ben did was ask to use the phone. He dialed Mr. Grisales.
“Hi, Jorge, it’s your friend Ben,” he said. The voice was deep and gravelly.
A puzzled Mr. Grisales said, “I have one friend with that name, and he can’t talk.”
“This is him,” he said. “I can talk.”
He related what had happened. He said that he came out of the M.R.I., coughed and could speak.
Not yet clued in, Mr. Arias went to visit him at the hospital. He entered his room and Ben said: “Hi, Juan. How are you?”
Mr. Arias just about fainted. The miraculous transformation filled the two dumbfounded doormen with joy. Ben, their Ben, could speak.
Words spilled out of him. Again and again, he would relate the story of the M.R.I. machine and his recovered voice. The two doormen offered to get Ben a cellphone, make him the modern man, but he waved that off. It was enough for him just to talk. And talk. And talk.
How was this possible?
Dr. Babak Givi, a head and neck surgeon at the Veterans Affairs center, never examined Ben himself, though he was familiar with his records. He had no explanation for what had occurred, only that it was extraordinarily rare. “You know I’m a humble guy,” Dr. Givi said. “I don’t know everything. Unbelievable things happen.”
His best guess — and it was nothing more than that — was that his voice box was not injured in that earlier surgery but that something psychosomatic happened that convinced his brain that he could no longer speak. And then something about the M.R.I. experience convinced him that he could again. But who knew.
Up and down East 74th Street, residents rejoiced. Ben had a voice.
Miracles have expiration dates. They can come mercilessly fast. For years, Ben had had prostate cancer. The cancer had been in remission, but it returned and was spreading.
Last fall, just a couple of months after finding his voice, he entered the hospital, then a nursing home in Queens. The doormen visited him there multiple times a week. A woman on the block bought him a radio so he could listen to music. He was always upbeat. The doormen went to cheer him up. He cheered them up.
“He left me a lesson,” Mr. Arias said. “Always be happy. Don’t worry.”
He told the doormen he would recover and return to his little room on East 74th Street. And they assured him, why of course you will. On July 7, he died.
There were no relatives to bury him. But there were the doormen. Mr. Grisales found his way to the Guida Funeral Home in Queens. Tom Habermann, the manager, said he would handle matters for a discounted $1,500.
The two doormen put out fliers in the neighborhood to solicit donations. In two days, they had the money. Because Ben was a veteran, Mr. Habermann arranged for a military service at Calverton National Cemetery on Long Island. Ben was cremated, and the cremains went to a niche there.
For the service at Calverton, Mr. Grisales brought his wife and children, and Mr. Arias came with his wife. Two women from the block attended. There was an honor guard detail. They played taps. An American flag was folded and presented to Mr. Grisales. Because this was one of the things that had been best in his life. Knowing Ben.
Mr. Grisales has ordered a frame for the flag that will have Ben’s name engraved on it and the dates crossing the 83 years when his life began and ended. He intends to hang it on the wall in his home, in a special place where he will always see it. Then, if anyone notices it and asks, well, they will need to sit down. He will have quite a story to tell.

Wednesday, July 27, 2016

"What is the truth?" the dominant question of AP Lang and Comp

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Members of the New Britain Jr. Hurricanes practicing in 2013. The team is one of thousands of youth football teams that have adopted the Heads Up Football program, which has been sold as an effective means of reducing injuries. CreditKike Calvo/Associated Press for National Football League 

As increasing numbers of parents keep their children from playing tackle football for safety reasons, the National Football League and other groups have sought to reassure them that continuing reforms are making the game less dangerous.

No reform has received more backing and attention than Heads Up Football, a series of in-person and online courses for coaches to learn better safety procedures and proper tackling drills. The N.F.L. funds and heavily promotes the program. The league and U.S.A. Football, youth football’s governing body, which oversees the program, have sold Heads Up Football to thousands of leagues and parents as having been proved effective — that an independent studyshowed that the program reduced injuries by 76 percent and concussions by about 30 percent.

That study, published in July 2015, showed no such thing, a review by The New York Times has found. The research and interviews with people involved with it indicate, rather, that Heads Up Football showed no demonstrable effect on concussions during the study, and significantly less effect on injuries over all, than U.S.A. Football and the league have claimed in settings ranging from online materials to Congressional testimony.

As the 2016 youth football season dawns, the revelation will most likely fuel skeptics of football’s claims of reform, and discourage parents who want solid information about the sport’s risks for their children.

“Everybody who is involved in trying to improve the safety of youth sports, when parents such as myself are so desperate to have effective solutions, has the responsibility to make sure that any information that they are putting out to the public is accurate, is comprehensive, and is based on legitimate science,” said Elliot F. Kaye, the chairman of the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, who has worked with U.S.A. Football and the N.F.L. on improving helmet safety. “It does not appear that this met that standard.”

Representatives of U.S.A. Football and the N.F.L. said in interviews that they had been unaware that their claims of Heads Up Football’s effectiveness were unsupported by the study, which was conducted by the Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention through a $70,000 grant from U.S.A. Football.

“U.S.A. Football erred in not conducting a more thorough review with Datalys to ensure that our data was up to date,” Scott Hallenbeck, the executive director of U.S.A. Football, said in an email to The Times. “We regret that error.” He added that the material would be removed from the organization’s print and online materials, and that “our partners and constituents” would be notified of the errors.

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N.F.L. Commissioner Roger Goodell greeting children in a Heads Up Football league in Fairfield, Conn., in 2013. The N.F.L. is the primary source of operating funds for U.S.A. Football, youth football’s governing body. CreditJessica Hill/Associated Press for National Football League 

Brian McCarthy, an N.F.L. spokesman, said that the league would also include updated information from now on.

Both U.S.A. Football and the league said that the questionable data and conclusions were actually preliminary results provided by Datalys five months before the study was published. The lead researchers for Datalys, Thomas Dompier and Zachary Kerr, confirmed in interviews that, despite knowing that the final paper contradicted their preliminary claims, they did not inform U.S.A. Football of this until last month, one day after speaking with The Times.

Mr. Dompier, the president of Datalys, said in an interview: “We’re the ones that put out the numbers. We’re the ones that kind of blew it.”

In an email, Mr. Kerr said that the company had released the early data because, “The results were so compelling, we felt morally obligated to make the youth football community aware of the results.”

Conflicting Data

The N.F.L. and its players’ union formed U.S.A. Football in 2002 to oversee the sport and help it grow among children aged 6 to 14. But participation has dropped precipitously in recent years, from 3 million in 2010 to about 2.2 million last fall — a decline generally attributed to concerns about injuries, particularly to the brain.

In 2013, in consultation with the N.F.L., U.S.A. Football started Heads Up Football, whose primary goals were to improve safety and reassure parents. The program requires one “player safety coach” per team to attend a clinic that focuses on concussion recognition and response, blocking and tackling techniques, proper hydration and other safety topics. A team’s other coaches must take online courses in those subjects as well.

In March 2014, the N.F.L. gave U.S.A. Football $45 million, in large part to get more youth leagues to adopt the program.

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Scott Hallenbeck, right, U.S.A. Football’s executive director, speaking at a news conference in 2014 with Charlotte Jones Anderson, chairwoman of the N.F.L. Foundation, and Mr. Goodell.CreditJohn Raoux/Associated Press 

While U.S.A. Football is said to operate independently from the N.F.L., the league is its primary source of operating funds, and some researchers consider the two almost indistinguishable.

“In my mind, U.S.A. Football and the N.F.L. are one,” said Dawn Comstock, a professor of epidemiology at the Colorado School of Public Health who runs the primary research on high school sports injuries. “If I’m talking with one about something involving youth football safety, my perception is I’m talking to both.”

Comstock said that in July 2014, Jeff Miller, the N.F.L.’s senior vice president for health and safety policy, and David Krichavsky, then its director of player health and safety, asked her to propose some studies that would, she said, “highlight the potential positive aspects” of youth football’s safety initiatives and provide “a potential positive take-home message for parents.” Comstock said that she had provided some ideas but that the league did not pursue them.

Mr. McCarthy, of the N.F.L., said in an email on Monday, “Our only interest is in research that will help us determine the efficacy of these and other programs and how we can make the game safer.”

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Also in 2014, U.S.A. Football asked Datalys, an Indianapolis-based firm that handles all of the N.C.A.A.’s injury research, to monitor injury rates during that fall season among six youth leagues that used Heads Up Football and four leagues that did not, covering more than 2,000 players.

In February 2015, Datalys gave U.S.A. Football the results: Leagues that used Heads Up Football had 76 percent fewer injuries, 34 percent fewer concussions in games and 29 percent fewer concussions in practices.

In U.S.A. Football’s blog post announcing that the safety program “reduces injuries,” Mr. Dompier said: “This is compelling data. I am actually surprised by the strength of the association but completely confident in our findings.”

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The N.F.L. has actively promoted the Heads Up Football program since it began in 2013. During a preseason game that year, Atlanta Falcons wide receiver Darius Johnson, left, tried to outmaneuver Jacksonville Jaguars cornerback Lionel Smith. CreditJohn Bazemore/Associated Press 

These figures were prominently reported in the news mediaand on websites of youth leagues as a means to show parents that Heads Up Football was scientifically sound. N.F.L. promotional materials have called the program “The New Standard in Football”; a page in its 2015 Information Guide is headlined, “Study Finds U.S.A. Football Program Advances Player Safety.”

But last summer, when the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine published Datalys’s formal paper on the study, the paper did not include the same injury and concussion figures. Its data actually told a far different story about Heads Up Football’s effectiveness.

Rather than looking at Heads Up Football leagues in one category, the paper instead split them into two groups: those that did or did not also belong to Pop Warner Football, a division of youth leagues that has added its own rules to mitigate injuries. Pop Warner leagues have disallowed certain head-on blocking and tackling drills and drastically reduced full-contact practice time, measures that were not a part of U.S.A. Football’s program.

As it turned out, only leagues that adhered to Pop Warner’s rules saw a meaningful drop in concussions. Leagues that used Heads Up Football alone actually saw slightly higher concussion rates, although that uptick was not statistically significant. The previously reported drops were clearly driven by a league’s affiliation with Pop Warner, not Heads Up Football.

Similarly, Heads Up Football leagues saw no change in injuries sustained during games unless they also used Pop Warner’s practice restrictions. The drop in practice injuries among Heads Up Football-only leagues was 63 percent, a very meaningful figure. But combined with the in-game injuries the total reduction became about 45 percent, far less than the 76 percent presented by U.S.A. Football and the N.F.L. for the past year and a half.

The authors did not address how the paper’s data contradicted their preliminary conclusions from five months before. Regarding the fact that Datalys did not inform U.S.A. Football or the N.F.L. of the discrepancies, Mr. Kerr said in an email: “Datalys stands by our decision to release preliminary data in our Feb 2015 release because if we prevented even one youth football player from suffering an injury (sprain, fracture, strain, severe contusion, or concussion), then the release was a success.”

There are other instances when Datalys has presented data to the public that differed from its scientific papers.

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The former N.F.L. coach Bill Cowher in 2013 during a Youth Military Football League practice. The youth league is one of many leagues to have adopted the Heads Up Football program, which is funded by the N.F.L. CreditMark Von Holden/Associated Press for National Football League 

A “Youth Football Fact Sheet” for the public currently on the Datalys website lists the most common injuries sustained by youngsters, as determined by a separate study it conducted for U.S.A. Football three years ago. But it has significant differences from the list in a paper the company published last year, also in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. For example, the paper’s listing for “Nervous System (stinger),” which comprised 4.2 percent of injuries, does not appear on the fact sheet; that slot is filled instead by “Wind Knocked Out” (4.1 percent), a category that does not appear in the paper.

Mr. Dompier said in an email that the category for stinger — where a blow to the spine causes extreme pain and numbness through the arms — was renamed Wind Knocked Out because both are neurologic injuries, and the latter would be more recognized by parents.

Credit, With a Caveat

A spokesman for U.S.A. Football, Steve Alic, said that research conducted outside Datalys has shown the effectiveness of Heads Up Football. He cited the Fairfax County public school system in Virginia, which has seen a 24 percent decrease in total injuries and a 43 percent drop in concussions since adopting the program in 2013.

Bill Curran, the county’s director of student activities and athletics, confirmed those numbers and praised Heads Up Football’s safety reforms for contributing to them. He added that Fairfax County went well beyond the Heads Up program, though, in ways that included drastically reducing full-contact practice time during the season to 90 minutes per week, whereas before, he said, “we probably had some teams doing 90 minutes in a single practice.”

“I give them a huge amount of credit,” Mr. Curran said of U.S.A. Football’s efforts. “But it takes a hell of a lot more than going to their website and taking the online courses and getting accreditation.”

As the 2016 season approaches, the faulty pronouncements about the research continue to be cited by youth programsand football officials as evidence that Heads Up Football makes football safer, especially regarding concussions. During a high school sports conference in Alabama last week, a coach delivered a glowing slide show about the program to fellow coaches and athletic directors, unaware that many of the numbers and statements were not supported by the data.

Last May, coaches from Columbia High School in Maplewood, N.J., invited some eighth graders interested in playing football to a meeting in the cafeteria.

“They basically said they teach Heads Up Football, which reduced head injuries and concussions,” said Jacob Kasdan, one of the students who attended the meeting. “I think they’re struggling to find enough players.”

Jacob went home and asked if he could play this fall. His father declined to sign the forms.

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